video de la anemia

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Karla Patricia Alcaraz Martínez

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, T1D, T1DM, IDDM, juvenile diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes an increase of fasting blood glucose (around 70-120 mg/dL in nondiabetic people) that begins to appear in the urine above the renal threshold (about 190-200 mg/dl in most people), thus connecting to the symptom by which the disease was identified in antiquity, sweet urine. Glycosuria or glucose in the urine causes the patients to urinate more frequently, and drink more than normal (polydipsia). Classically, these were the characteristic symptoms which prompted discovery of the disease.

Type 1 diabetes is fatal unless treated with exogenous insulin. Injection is the traditional and still most common method for administering insulin; jet injection, indwelling catheters, and inhaled insulin has also been available at various times, and there are several experimental methods as well. All replace the missing hormone formerly produced by the now non-functional beta cells in the pancreas. In recent years, pancreas transplants have also been used to treat type 1 diabetes. Islet cell transplant is also being investigated and has been achieved in mice and rats, and in experimental trials in humans as well. Use of stem cells to produce a new population of functioning beta cells seems to be a future possibility, but has yet to be demonstrated even in laboratories as of 2008.

Type 1 diabetes (formerly known as "childhood", "juvenile" or "insulin-dependent" diabetes) is not exclusively a childhood problem; the adult incidence of type 1 is noteworthy—in fact, many adults who contract type 1 diabetes are misdiagnosed with type 2 due to confusion at this point.

There is currently no clinically useful preventive measure against developing type 1 diabetes, though a vaccine has been proposed and anti-antibody approaches are also being tested. Most people who develop type 1 were otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight on onset, although some can be mildly overweight to slightly obese upon diagnosis of type one. Unfortunately, however, they can lose weight quickly and dangerously, if not promptly diagnosed. Although the cause of type 1 diabetes is still not fully understood, the immune system damage is characteristic of type 1.

The most definite laboratory test to distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes is the C-peptide assay, which is a measure of endogenous insulin production since external insulin has not (to date) included C-peptide. The presence of anti-islet antibodies (to Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, Insulinoma Associated Peptide-2 or insulin), or lack of insulin resistance, determined by a glucose tolerance test, would also be suggestive of type 1. Many type 2 diabetics continue to produce insulin internally, and all have some degree of insulin resistance.

Type 1 treatment must be continued indefinitely in essentially all cases. Treatment need not significantly impair normal activities, if sufficient patient training, awareness, appropriate care, discipline in testing and dosing of insulin is taken. However, treatment is burdensome for patients; insulin is replaced in a non-physiological manner, and this approach is therefore far from ideal. The average glucose level for the type 1 patient should be as close to normal (80–120 mg/dl, 4–6 mmol/L) as is safely possible. Some physicians suggest up to 140–150 mg/dl (7-7.5 mmol/L) for those having trouble with lower values, such as frequent hypoglycemic events. Values above 400 mg/dl (20 mmol/L) are sometimes accompanied by discomfort and frequent urination leading to dehydration. Values above 600 mg/dl (30 mmol/L) usually require medical treatment and may lead to ketoacidosis, although they are not immediately life-threatening. However, low levels of blood glucose, called hypoglycemia, may lead to seizures or episodes of unconsciousness and absolutely must be treated immediately, via emergency high-glucose gel placed in the patient's mouth, intravenous administration of dextrose, or an injection of glucagon.

Karla Patricia Alcaraz Martínez

BULIMIA NERVOSA

Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a disease and a type of eating disorder. It is when a person wants to starve his or her self. People who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny. When they are hungry, they eat a lot of food. Then, they try to take it back by vomiting, exercising, or using drugs. Sometimes, they do all three.

Symptoms

The person with bulimia eats large amounts of food. Then, they want to get rid of it. To do this, they vomit, exercise, or use drugs. They do this at least two times a week. The person always thinks about how his or her body looks, and he or she wants to be skinny. The person is usually underweight, and they may also have anorexia nervosa.

Risks

Bulimia nervosa can hurt a person. Because vomit has a lot of acid in it, doing it a lot can burn the person's mouth, throat, or teeth. Someone can lose nutrients or fluids in his or her body. Glands in one's throat and face may get bigger and hurt. He or she cannot recover from being sick with other things, and a person can get muscle or heart problems.

People who get bulimia

Most people who get bulimia are women, men and sometimes even depressed/anxious animals generally ages 10 to 25. People who had bad things happen to them or who have lots of money are more likely to get the disease too. One is also likely to get it if he or she is smart or likes things to be perfect.

Treatment of Bulimia

According to the gravity of the situation, you can complain to an outpatient treatment or hospitalization.
Once the bulimia is detected, try to avoid vomiting, normalize metabolic function of the patient, require a balanced diet and eating habits.
In conjunction with this treatment is carried out psychological work with the aim of restructuring and rational ideas to correct the misperception that the patient has of his own body.

The cure for bulimia is reached in 40 per cent of cases, although it is a disease that tends to be chronic intermittent. The mortality in this disease exceeds that of the anorexia due to complications from vomiting and use of purgatives.
It is very important that if a family member, whether child or young adult, exhibiting the symptoms of driving or eating disorder seek medical advice.
And remember that bulimia as well as other diseases can be prevented, in this case the most suitable fomas are the elimination of social and cultural emphasis on physical perfection and above all with much love, support and family communication.

DEYADIRA SANTILLAN LUNA

NESTOR LOPEZ GONZALEZ

ANDREA GUADALUPE RODRIGUEZ BATISTA

LISETH SARMIENTO REYES

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